8th day

Today I went to the 3D cinema in Juiz de Fora, with my friends, to watch "X-men Days of Future Past".

The movie is sensational, and view in 3D was even better.

The X-Men send Wolverine to the past in a desperate effort to change history and prevent an event that results in doom for both humans and mutants.

The only bad thing was that, unfortunately, had to sit out front and the caption was too close.

I read the caption in the times I had doubt, but managed to watch a good portion of the film without the caption.

Watch this movie!!

Ordinal Numbers

The ordinal numbers are used to indicate string, position. They are:

• 1st - First
• 2nd - Second
• 3rd - Third
• 4th - Fourth
• 5th - Fifth
• 6th - Sixth
• 7th - Seventh
• 8th - Eighth
• 9th - Ninth
• 10th - Tenth
• 11th - Eleventh
• 12th - Twelfth
• 13th - Thirteenth
• 14th - Fourteenth
• 15th - Fifteenth
• 16th - Sixteenth
• 17th - Seventeenth
• 18th - Eighteenth
• 19th - Nineteenth
• 20th - Twentieth
• 21st - Twenty-first
• 22nd - Twenty-second
• 23rd - Twenty-third
• 24th - Twenty-fourth
• 25th - Twenty-fifth
• 26th - Twenty-sixth
• 27th - Twenty-seventh
• 28th - Twenty-eighth
• 29th - Twenty-ninth
• 30th - Thirtieth
• 40th - Fortieth
• 50th - Fiftieth
• 60th - Sixtieth
• 70th - Seventieth
• 80th - Eightieth
• 90th - Ninetieth
• 100th - One hundredth
• 1000th - One thousandth

Ex.:
January is the first month of the year. (Janeiro é o primeiro mês do ano). Bob is the third winner. (Bob é o terceiro ganhador). John is the ninth student of this line. (John é o nono aluno desta fila).

The ordinal numbers are also used in English for dates: January 28th (Vigésimo oitavo dia do mês de janeiro).

Note: Note that the "th" accompanies the numeral twenty-eight, as the twenty-eighth termination is "th". The first ordinal numeral, for example, ends in "st" (first), so it should come "st" accompanying the numeral 1. The second ordinal numeral ends in "nd" (second), so you should see the "nd" in keeping with the numeral 2. The same happens with third (third), so "rd" must accompany the numeral 3.

Past Simple - Did / Didn't

Did is generally used in English to indicate that the sentence or is in the interrogative form (that is, it is a question) or is a negative sentence (i.e. have a "not" in it). On the negative that "no" can be written or how did not or didn't (the short form). When used like this, we say that did only assists (help) in the formation of an interrogative or negative sentence. This means that we do not translate the word did (she's just a necessary accessory to keep things cute grammatical point of view).

That way, when did is used, the main verb (what communicates the central idea of the sentence) does not need to be written in the past. That is, it must retain its original shape (base form). To be clearer, compare the following sentences:

I didnt liked that (wrong)-I didn't like that (correct)

Did she went to the party? (wrong) – Did she go to the party? (correct)

They didnt studied very hard. (wrong) – They didn't study very hard. (correct)

Did you got a good grade? (wrong) – Did you get a good grade? (correct)

Did you got a good grade? (wrong) – Did you get a good grade? (correct)

Note the difference in featured verbs. In the correct way we use the word "did" and the main verb is always written in its normal form (he doesn't change according to the rules). See now how all this is to compare affirmative, negative sentences and interrogative:

She went to the party.  (Ela foi à festa.) [the main verb – go – was written in its shape in the past – went]

She didn't go to the party. (Ela não foi à festa.) [the main verb – go – kept their shape, because we didn ' t]

Did she go to the party?  (Ela foi à festa?) [the main verb – go – kept their shape, because we did]

Remember: only in affirmative sentences should use the forms of the irregular verbs or "-ed". In the interrogative or negative we did and the rest is still normal. If you want to learn more about regular and irregular verbs, read the Regular Verbs irregular verbs x tip.

Very briefly, this is the use of did and didn ' t in the Past Simple. But, before terminating the hint, see the sentences below:

She did a good job. (Affirmative)

Did she do a good job? (Interrogative)

She didn't do a good job. (Negative)

Simple Past Tense - Was or Were?

Introduction - Past BE Verb:

	FORM	SUBJECT	BE VERB	EXAMPLE
affirmative  sentences ( + )	1st person	I	was	I was here.
	2nd person	you	were	You were busy.
	3rd person	he	was	He was a friend.
	3rd person	she	was	She was a doctor.
	3rd person	it	was	It was cold today.
	1st person pl.	we	were	We were hungry.
	2nd person pl.	you	were	You were beautiful.
	3rd person pl.	they	were	They were asleep.
	SUBJECT	BE VERB	Contraction	EXAMPLE
negative  sentences ( - )	I	was not	I wasn't	I wasn't thirsty.
	you	were not	you weren't	You weren't here.
	he	was not	he wasn't	He wasn't there.
	she	was not	she wasn't	She wasn't a mother.
	it	was not	it wasn't	It wasn't warm yesterday.
	we	were not	we weren't	We weren't sleepy.
	you	were not	you weren't	You weren't at work.
	they	were not	they weren't	They weren't here.
	BE VERB  &  SUBJECT			(+) Short Answer	(-) Short Answer
questions ( ? )	Was I correct?			Yes, I was.	No, I wasn't.
	Were you tired?			Yes, you were.	No, you weren't.
	Was he asleep?			Yes, he was.	No, he wasn't.
	Was she here?			Yes, she was.	No, she wasn't.
	Was it warm?			Yes, it was.	No, it wasn't.
	Were we students?			Yes, we were.	No, we weren't.
	Were you thirsty?			Yes, you were.	No, you weren't.
	Were they here?			Yes, they were.	No, they weren't.

Simple Past - Regular Verbs

The verbs in the past can be divided into two types: regular and irregular. Today we'll take a look at the regular, since in the previous lesson we talked about the irregular.

Basic rule: regular verbs in the past ending with-ED.

Simple as that! Let's take a look at some examples:

Verbo no presente	Verbo no passado
work (trabalhar)	worked
stay (permanecer/ficar)	stayed
watch (assistir)	watched
clean (limpar)	cleaned
arrive (chegar)	arrived
start (iniciar/começar)	started
dance (dançar)	danced

One important thing is knowing that the verbs in the past are always the same, independent of the pronoun (I, you, he, she, we, etc). Note the chart below to see how the verb work (work) is always the same in the past.

In this in the past:

No presente	No passado
I work (Eu trabalho)	I worked (Eu trabalhei)
You work (Você trabalha)	You worked (Você trabalhou)
He works (Ele trabalha)	He worked (Ele trabalhou)
She works (Ela trabalha)	She worked (Ela trabalhou)
It works (“Isto” trabalha)	It worked (“Isto” trabalhou)
We work (Nós trabalhamos)	We worked (Nós trabalhamos)
They work (Eles trabalham)	They worked (Eles trabalharam)

Note that at present the verb changes when we use the pronouns he, she and it, but in the past he is always the same (worked). You can see that the past tense of verbs in English is much easier than in Portuguese, where we have "worked, worked, worked, etc" (imagine for a guy who speaks English learn all this for all verbs!).

Let's now take a look at some sample sentences (which are the best way to learn):

I worked in Japan for five years.
Eu trabalhei no Japão por cinco anos.

He stayed there until midnight.
Ele ficou/permaneceu lá até meia-noite.

We watched the game together.
Nós assistimos ao jogo juntos.

I cleaned my car.
Eu limpei meu carro.

She arrived later at the airport.
Ela chegou atrasada no aeroporto.

It started raining.
Começou a chover.

They danced in the party.
Eles dançaram na festa.

Some minor exceptions

There are some minor exceptions in which the spelling (as we wrote) of the words changes a bit in the past. Have a look at the following examples:

I try (Eu tento) > I tried (Eu tentei)
I study (Eu estudo) > I studied (Eu estudei)
I stop (Eu paro) > I stopped (Eu parei)
I plan (E planejo) > I planned (Eu planejei)

Note that in these cases not only add the ending-ED, but also the Y moved to I (in the first two examples) and the last consonant is doubled (in the last two examples). This happens with a few words (but not all), and although there are a few rules to know when and how it happens, the best way is to simply get used to it gradually. You better understand the meaning and use of the past tense in English than knowing a rule of an exception, but not knowing very well the general functioning of the thing. And that goes for the vast majority of exceptions: learn the basics and let the exceptions come with usage and custom.

The following video explains in a simple way using the simple past:

Simple Past - Irregular Verbs

Today we're going to talk about the past tense of irregular verbs, which, unfortunately, are not all the same. That's why they are called "irregular" because they do not follow a pattern, and its totally changes the present to the past. Thus, there is a rule that you can follow to learn them.

So how to learn the past tense of irregular verbs?

There's only one way to learn the past tense of irregular verbs: the usual! It takes study, view, read, be in contact with many irregular verbs and many times until you decorate them until they look off the tip of your tongue. This lesson is one more way for you to learn the past tense of irregular verbs than a way for you to learn all of them. No book or lesson in English will be able to teach you all the irregular verbs!

The following table shows some irregular verbs in the present and in the past. Notice how none of them ends in-ED (as happens with regular verbs):

The following is a list of Irregular Verbs in English:     

Verb	Past Simple	Past Participle
arise	arose	arisen
babysit	babysat	babysat
be	was / were	been
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become
bend	bent	bent
begin	began	begun
bet	bet	bet
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bitten
bleed	bled	bled
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
breed	bred	bred
bring	brought	brought
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast
build	built	built
buy	bought	bought
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dug	dug
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	gotten
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
hang*	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
lie **	lay	lain
light	lit	lit
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
pay	paid	paid
put	put	put
quit	quit	quit
read ***	read	read
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
set	set	set
shake	shook	shaken
shine	shone	shone
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	shown
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank	sunk
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
spin	spun	spun
spread	spread	spread
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	stuck
sting	stung	stung
strike	struck	struck
swear	swore	sworn
sweep	swept	swept
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke	woken
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn
write	wrote	written

(fonte: http://www.grammar.cl/Past/Irregular_Verbs_List.htm)

The video below shows several irregular verbs in the present and in the past: